Flash Imaging Devices, Methods for Making and Using the Same

ABSTRACT

The invention provides flash imaging devices that include an optical change component that undergoes a change in response to an applied stimulus, a substrate and a stimulus element. Also provided are articles that include the subject devices, as well as methods of making and using the same.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119 (e), this application claims priority to thefiling date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/504,695filed Sep. 17, 2003; the disclosure of which is herein incorporated byreference.

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Invention

Composite materials are structures or entities that are made up ofdistinct components. A variety of different types of composite materialshave been developed and employed in a multitude of different and diverseapplications. Because of utility of composite materials, there continuesto be an interest in the development of new composite materials.

Relevant Literature

See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,702,563; 4,702,564; 4,950,258; 5,344,191;5,491,420; 5,571,568; 5,685,641; 5,867,028; 5,925,480; 6,054,234;6,156,450; 6,294,111; 6,307,605; 6,307,664; 6,787,108.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides flash imaging devices that include an opticalchange component that undergoes a change in response to an appliedstimulus, a substrate and a stimulus element. Also provided are articlesthat include the subject devices, as well as methods of making and usingthe same.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

The invention provides flash imaging devices that include an opticalchange component that undergoes a change in response to an appliedstimulus, a substrate and a stimulus element. Also provided are articlesthat include the subject devices, as well as methods of making and usingthe same.

Before the present invention is further described, it is to beunderstood that this invention is not limited to particular embodimentsdescribed, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understoodthat the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describingparticular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, sincethe scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appendedclaims.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that eachintervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lowerlimit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in thatstated range, is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lowerlimits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in thesmaller ranges and are also encompassed within the invention, subject toany specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the statedrange includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either orboth of those included limits are also included in the invention.

Methods recited herein may be carried out in any order of the recitedevents which is logically possible, as well as the recited order ofevents.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also beused in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferredmethods and materials are now described.

All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by referenceto disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection withwhich the publications are cited.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, thesingular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. It is further noted that the claimsmay be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statementis intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusiveterminology as “solely,” “only” and the like in connection with therecitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative” limitation.

The publications discussed herein are provided solely for theirdisclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothingherein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention isnot entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention.Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from theactual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed.

As summarized above, the invention involves a visual (also referred toherein as optical) layer which can be reversibly or irreversiblystimulated to induce an image, lettering, design, graphic, message or anintended visual output. The visual output can be generated by athermochromic, thermoluminescent, electroluminescent, photochromic oralternative chromic change agent. The visual output can be initiated byan underlying obscured layer containing an electrically conductingcircuit which can be used as a heating element or to induce a charge orimpulse which stimulates the visual layer. During the induction process,a desired visual change is generated in the visual layer such that aclear and well-defined and intended display occurs.

A wide range of visual outputs can be designed and utilized. Printedmessages, lettering, geometries, graphics, line art, symbols, text,printed matter, warning messages, cartoons, brand names, advertisingmessages, sales messages, lines, dots, pictures, stick figures, labelinformation, instructions, arrows, signals, sequence information,combinations, logic formation, control panel information, productinformation, characters, numbers, digits, books, enabling animatedbooks, displays, substrates, packages, codes and the like could bedisplayed, revealed, modified or the like.

Planar or three-dimensional surfaces, rigid or pliable surfaces,textured or smooth surfaces, hot, ambient, or cooled surfaces, adjacentto or congruent with display screens such as liquid crystal displays orcathode ray tubes, medical adhesives, food containers, auto bodies orparts, clothing, shoes, and the like can be utilized.

Mediums for thermo-luminescent/thermochromic flash printing andmessaging can be free-standing comprising of only the componentsnecessary to construct the embodiment or can be associated with a rigidor pliable surface. Since the flash printing or messaging component canbe made using flexible circuits, printed conducting inks or the like,and since the luminescent or thermochromic material likewise can beformulated using flexible resins or printing bases, the entireembodiment can comprise a flexible, attachable and or printableconfiguration and be used with either rigid or pliable substrates.

Application embodiments and applications include, but are not limitedto, interactive packaging, playing cards, flash math and reading cards,story books, coloring books, business cards, credit cards, gift debitcards, tokens, in/out guest and visitor cards, security cards, warningsigns, point-of-purchase signs, guest reservation signs, store displaysigns, sale signs, tattoos for skin, wound dressings for signifyingagent release or condition, heat-laminated pouches, self-adhesivelaminating pouches, magazine pages, mailers, envelopes, computerscreens, commercial and retail signs, road signs, painted road signs andmarkings, greeting cards, mailers, boxes, receipts, thermoformedpackaging, room key cards for hotels and secured doors, interactivetoys, game boards, puzzles and puzzle pieces, snap-together buildingblocks, self-destruct messaging, tickets to shows, parks, sportingevents, and the like.

Substrates finding use in the subject composite structures can includerigid or pliable paper, various plastics, fabrics, films, skin, cardboard, wood, composites, Kapton tape, standard adhesive tape, medicalgrade adhesives, glass, thermal switch mediums (e.g. Interlemermaterials from Landec Corporation), dissolving labels used in restaurantsupply, pressure sensitive label stock, metal which acts as aninsulation coating, Styrofoam, paper and plastic cups, candy wrappers,solid food substrates, painted surfaces, coated surfaces, powder coatedsurfaces, anodized aluminum surfaces, liquid crystal displays used withcomputers and electronic devices, heat shrink packaging labels, vinylcovering for toys and packaging, room temperature vulcanized rubber,rubber substrates, silicon rubber used for items such as key pads andthe like.

As such, substrates for flash imaging are varied. A variety of flashimaging substrates including plain paper, ink jet paper, quality paper,manila weight paper, card board, corrugated paper, particle board,Tyvek™, coated papers, uncoated papers, pre-printed papers, paper bags,packaging paper, glow-in-the-dark paper, glow-in-the-dark ink jetprinting paper, velum, stiff or flexible papers, glossy or matt finishedpapers, paper labels, wrapping paper, pressure sensitive papers, papersign material, poster board, photographic paper, medical grade adhesivebandage materials, on laminated restaurant menus, plastic films, plasticsheets, treated plastics, shape changing plastic surfaces, plastic bagstock, pre-sized plastic bags, vinyl sheet, heat sealed vinyl bags,plastic packaging, plastic window stickers, pressure sensitive plasticfilms, balloons, liquid crystal display surfaces, furniture surfaces,plastic sign stock, corrugated plastic stock, on plastic compact discs,on digital video discs, on plastic toys, plastic tube material, plasticcoating on wire, plastic wrapper material, printed-plastic surfaces,plastic consumer items, plastic dishes and storage containers, moldedplastic items, two-dimensional surfaces and three dimensional surfaces,wood surfaces, treated wood surfaces, paint coatings, plastic coatings,film coated surfaces, plastic containers, food containers, blisterpackaging, thermoformed plastic surfaces, foam board, continuoussurfaces, ceramic surfaces, fabric surfaces, powder coated surfaces,rubberized surfaces, anodized surfaces, non-stick coated surfaces,folding surfaces, flexible circuits (Flextronics Inc.), printed circuitboard material, encased materials, semi-conductor surfaces, tapesurfaces both paper and plastic, heat shrink plastic surfaces, bookcovers, book pages, laminated surfaces, plant surfaces, on rulers, ondisposable plastic items, on reusable plastic items, on coated metals,on polished surfaces, on abraded surfaces, glass surfaces, and a rangeof other surfaces.

In certain embodiments, a flash imaging circuit can be embedded into asurface. By way of example, the circuit can be a component of a consumerproduct such as a tool, camera, digital electronic device, a promotionalcomponent on a consumer package, a play toy, in an automobile cab, onthe exterior of an automobile, a promotional insert in a magazine, or anadd on to an existing product line. The flash imaging component can beintegrated into a surface and protected with an overlaying film, windowor other transparent medium that provides viewing of the circuit.

Images, messages, and visual affects can be flashed on 3-dimensional orcontoured surfaces on products, display surfaces, toys, figures, games,or any intended non-planar surface where it is desirable to generate avisual optical change. By way of example, an action toy figure can havea surface which is printed in a format. By pressing a button on thefigure, the surface can be made to display a visual effect on the toysuch that the toy has new extended play value. Eyes for example on adoll can be made to change color when a button is pushed. Packagematerials with contoured surfaces can be used as an advertising means tovisually and attractively change color or visually induce an intendedmessage. Contoured or 3-dimensional surfaces can be smooth or sharplyangled. The exact geometry of the surface can be designed and comprisethe intended flash change depending on the intended use.

Self-destructing flash imaging substrates can be made by applying aelectrical thermally conducting ink circuit on to a solidified surfacewhereby a voltage potential is applied to the circuit and the circuitheats, the substrate melts from a solid phase to a molten phase. Waxes,paraffin, thermal switching mediums such as Interlemer “TM compounds(Landec Corp.), natural substances, such as bee's wax, low meltingplastics, and the like, can be utilized. Thermochromic, photochromic,thermoluminescent or other chromic change agents can be embodied intothe solid to liquid medium to pronounce the change or substratedestruction event. Message deconstruction can be used to createtransient or on-time messages which self-destruct immediately uponmessage recognition.

Self-destruction substrates and messages can be used for productapplications where the product producer wishes to temporarily display amessage or image for advertising or promotional purposes, but theneliminate the embodiment so that the purchaser, if interested, willultimately need to purchase a non-self-deconstructing version. Productssuch as games, toys, compact discs, consumer items, samples, and thelike may find use for the embodiment by way of example.

Reversible and irreversible versions can be created depending on theapplication of interest. Reversible messaging can be employed where itis desirable to continuously cycle or reuse the image or message ofinterest. For example, point of purchase signs or advertisements mayhave a continuous cycle usage for days or weeks to promote a product. Inthis case, it would be desirable to utilize a reversible thermochromicor luminescent material which can be repeated during usage. In anotherexample, it may be desirable to record a single message permanently. Inthis case, it would be desirable to utilize a thermochromicallyirreversible material which changes from one color to another givingrise to a permanent mEssage.

Conductive thermo-electric heating elements can be produced by a widevariety of means including standard printing processes such as padprinting, silk screen, flexographic printing, Gravier printing, off-setprinting, marking, masking, painting, photolithography, etching,sublimation, metal stamping, clipping, scratching, polishing, engraving,CNC milling, extrusion, employing methods used for making printedcircuit boards and any of a variety of other processes for producingpatterns and images desired to create flash images and messages.

Chromic agents can be comprised within the conducting ink, layered abovethe ink, laminated distal to the ink (but still in thermal contact),layered behind the ink (but visible and in thermal contact with theink), or in any practical configuration which provides an appropriatevisual display.

Alternative heating/cooling elements can be used for creating flashimages induced by heating or by chilling. For example, Peltier platescan be used which can be polarized to heat on one side and cool on theother side. The electrical polarity can be instantly reversed to cool onthe original heating side and heat on the original cooling side. Theprocess can be repeated to create various color effects in the flashimage. It is desirable to utilize chromic change agents which respond toboth heating and cooling by color change, color hue change, colorintensity change, light emission level change or the like. Boththermochromic and thermoluminescent materials or like-kind materials canbe employed.

Thermally conductive circuits for creating flash images can also be madeby passing a hot or cold liquid or gas through a patterned circuit whichis in thermal contact with the chromic change layer. Fluid or gascircuits can be used as alternatives to thermoelectric heating elementsto eliminate the need for attaching electrical leads.

Color change and/or luminescent materials can include but are notlimited to photo-luminescent material such as glow-in-the dark complexessuch as zinc sulfide (copper doped from Hanovia Corp.),polydiacetylenes, polythiophenes, leucodyes,vinylphenylmethane-leucocynides and derivatives, fluoran dyes andderivatives, thermochromic pigments, micro and nano-pigments, molybdenumcompounds, doped or undoped vanadium dioxide, indolinospirochromenes,melting waxes, encapsulated dyes, liquid crystalline materials,cholesteric liquid crystalline materials, spiropyrans, polybithiophenes,bipyridine materials, microencapsulated, mercury chloride dyes, tincomplexes, combination thermochromic/photochromic materials, heatformable materials which change structure based on temperature, naturalthermochromic materials such as pigments in beans, various thermochromicinks sold by Securink Corp. (Springfield, Va.), Matusui Corp., DavidLiquid Crystal Crop., or any acceptable thermochromic materials with thecapacity to report a temperature change or can be photo-stimulated andthe like. The chromic change agent selected will depend on a number offactors including cost, material loading, color change desired, levelsor color hue change, reversibility or irreversibility, stability, andthe like.

Polydiacetylenes comprising reversible and irreversible color changeforms could be used alone or in combination with stationary dyes tocreate various transient or permanent images. Polydiacetylenic materialscan be used alone or in combination with other thermochromic,photochromic, luminescent, or other optical change agent. Thecombination utilized will depend on the application of interest.

The thermo-luminescent and thermochrornic imaging process could beenhanced by varying the thermal triggering properties of the luminescentor the thermochromic material, the cross-sectional dimensions of theprinted circuit to increase or decrease the circuit temperature, thevoltage/power source and ancillary printed mediums in and around theprinted message to be displayed.

Inks and coating materials can be modified to contain variousconcentrations of optical change agents. Optical change agents andstimulating agents can be present in a toothpaste matrix from greaterthan 50% to as low as 0.01%. More usually the agents will be present at50% to 0.1%. Typically, the agents will be added at between 25% and 0.5%and most often between 10% and 1%. The application of interest, desiredcoloration, dye or pigment intensity and optical density, type ofoptical change agent, and costing considerations help in determining theconcentration to be used.

As indicated above, a variety of optical agents find use in the subjectinvention. Thermochromic materials can be utilized including but notlimited to: light-induced meta-stable state in a thermochromiccopper(II) complex (Chem. Commun., 2002, (15), 1578-1579) under goes acolor change from red to purple for a thermochromic complex,[Cu(dieten)2](BF4)2 (dieten=N,N-diethylethylenediamine); encapsulatedpigmented materials from Omega Engineering Inc.;bis(2-amino-4-oxo-6-methyl-pyrimidinium)-tetrachlorocuprate(II);bis(2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidinium) hexachlorod-icuprate(II);cobalt chloride; 3,5-dinitro salicylic acid; leuco dyes; spiropyrenes.bis(2-amino-4-oxo-6-methylpyrimidinium)-tetrachlorocuprate(II);bis(2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidinium) hexachlorod-icuprate(II);cobalt chloride; 3,5-dinitro salicylic acid; leuco dyes; spiropyrenes,bis(2-amino-4-oxo-6-methylpyrimidinium) tetrachlorocuprate(II) andbis(2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidinium) hexachlorodicuprate(II),benzo- and naphthopyrans (Chromenes), poly(xylylviologen dibromide,di-beta-naphthospiropyran, Ferrocene-modified bis(spiropyridopyran),isomers of1-isopropylidene-2-[1-(2-methyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)ethylidene]-succinicanhydride and the Photoproduct7,7adihydro-4,7,7,7a-tetramethyl-2-phenylbenzo[b]thiophene-5,6-dicarboxylicanhydride, and the like. Encapsulated leuco dyes are of interest sincethey can be easily be processed in a variety of formats into a plasticor putty matrix. Liquid crystal materials can be conveniently applied aspaints or inks to surfaces. Various cholesteric and non-cholestericliquid crystal materials can be utilized.

Photochromic dyes can find use in a variety of color change mediums andformats. Photochromic materials can include but are not limited to dyesincluding:1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethylspiro[2H-indole-2,3′-[3H]phenanthr[9,10-b](1,4)oxazine];bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene; benzyl viologen dichloride;4,4′-bipyridyl;6-bromo-1′,3′-dihydro-1′,3′,3′-trimethyl-8-nitrospiro[2H;5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethylspiro[2H-indole-2,3′-(3H)naphth[2,1-b](1,4)oxazine];6,8-dibromo-1′,3′-dihydro-1′3′,3′-trimethylspiro[2H;1,1′-diheptyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dibromide;1′,3′-dihydro-5′-methoxy-1′,3′,3′;1′,3′-dihydro-8-methoxy-1′,3′3′-trimethyl-6-nitrospiro[2H];1′,3′-dihydro-1′3′,3′-trimethyl-6-nitrospiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-(2H)-indole];1,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethylspiro[2H-Indole-2,3′-[3H]naphth[2,1-b][1,4]oxazine];1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride;5-chloro-1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethylspiro[2H-indole-2,3′-(3H)phenanthr[9,10-b](1,4)oxazine];5-methoxy-1,3,3-trimethylspiro[indoline-2,3′-[3H]naphtho[2,1-b]pyran];2,3,3-trimethyl-1-propyl-3H-indolium iodide,(E)-dicyclopropyl-(2,5-dimethyl-3-furylethylidene)succinct anhydride andthe like.

Photo-luminescent compounds can find use in a variety of color changemediums and formats. Photo-luminescent compounds can include but are notlimited to a variety of materials. Greens, green blue and violet can bemade with alkaline earth aluminates activated by rare earth ions. By wayof example, strontium aluminate can be activated using europium(SrA103:Eu). Visual wavelengths can include: green at 520 nm, blue-greenat 505 nm, and blue at 490 nm. Red and orange colors can be generatedwith are zinc sulfide.

Darker or black thermochromic dyes find interest when used incombination with a photo-luminescent pigment. The photo-luminescentcomponent is highly obscured when the substrate is cool. When thecircuit is activated and the substrate flash heated, the opticallyopaque dark thermochromic pigment appears lightened and more highlylight transmitting. Simultaneously, thephoto-luminescent/thermo-luminescent pigment is heated and initiateslight emission. The imparted optical effect is that of a more highlycontrasted light emission in the dark and a thermochromic color changein the lighted environments.

Photo-luminescent optical effects can be enhanced or modified byprinting the photo-luminescent material on various lightly colored orintensely colored backgrounds. The photo-luminescent can be brightenedwhen the background is light. The effect can be more highly contrastedwhen the background is black. Colored backgrounds can provide colorenriched or enhance light outputs in the dark.Thermo-luminescent/photo-luminescent pigments can independently becolored with dye materials or the dye material can be a part of theprinted-paper or substrate that is being utilized for a flash imagingcircuit.

Photo-luminescent/thermo-luminescent effects in flash imaging circuitscan be amplified by initially charging thephoto-luminescent/thermo-luminescent coating on a flash imaging circuitwith an appropriate light source. By way of example, an ultra violetlight can be used to initially illuminate thephoto-luminescent/thermo-luminescent coating to provide an after gloweffect. In day light, the glow is minimal, however when the flashimaging circuit is immediately initiated, the photon output from theflash imaging circuit is several fold greater than if thephoto-luminescent/thermo-luminescent coating had not been initiallyilluminated with light. The optical illumination/amplification processprovides a convenient means to increase the optical output efficiencyand hence the product application range for the invention.

Pre-illumination can be utilized to enhance the optical illuminationlevel of a thermo-luminescent/photo-luminescent flash imaging circuit.Initially, a flash imaging circuit can be light activated to a“glow-in-the-dark” state. When the flash imaging circuit is connectedand heated, the optical output is significantly and visually increasedrelative to the optical output of a circuit that had not beenpre-illuminated. Pre-illumination can be achieved by any of a variety oflight sources including incandescent and fluorescent lights, flashlights, light emitting diodes, blue light emitting diodes, white lightemitting diodes, green light emitting diodes and particularly ultraviolet light emitting diodes (400 nanometers).

Fluorescent dyes can find use in various product applications andmediums and formats. Fluorescent dye compounds can include but are notlimited to: fluorescein, fluoresceine, resourcinolphthalein, rhodamine,imidazolium cat ions, pyridoimidazolium cat ions, dinitrophenyl,tetramethylrhodamine and the like. A wide range of fluorescent dyes thatcan be activated at various wavelengths and emit light at lowerwavelengths can be purchase from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis Mo.) orMolecular Probes (Eugene Oreg.).

Fluorescent dyes can be printed, marked or co-coated along withphoto-luminescent/thermo-luminescent flash imaging pigments andsubstrates. Fluorescent dyes can be applied by felt tip markers andhighlighters used for stationary and marking. Fluorescent dyes can beused in combination with ultra-violet light excitation ofglow-in-the-dark photo-luminescent/thermo-luminescent coatings. By wayof example, a photo-luminescent/thermo-luminescent flash imagingsubstrate can initially be marked with a fluorescent maker (brightyellow/green, Sanford brand or Avery brand). The marking can be directlyover an underlying flash imaging heating element. Subsequently, anultra-violet light emitting diode penlight can be used to illuminate thefluorescent mark. In the dark, the fluorescent mark will appear darkcompared with the glowing background caused by charging with the ultraviolet light. When the flash imaging circuit is charged electrically,the thermo-luminescent/photo-luminescent can subsequently generate afurther super-imposed image. The multiple simultaneous effects can berepeatedly cycled.

Other optical pigments and dyes can be incorporated into flash imagingsubstrates, coating compositions, and inks. By way of example, dyes usedin creating organic light emitting diodes (OLED) can be combined aloneor in combination with a thermochromic, photochromic, orthermo-luminescent/photo-luminescent materials to generate variousoptical effects. OLED compounds include but are not limited to: greenpolymeric emitterpoly[(9,9-dihexylfluoren-2,7-diyl)-co-(N,N′-diphenyl)-N,N′-di(p-butylphenyl)-1,4-diaminobenzene];blue emitter lithium tetra(2-methyl-8-hydroquinolitano)boron; blue greenpolymeric emitterpoly[(9,9-dihexylfluoren-2,7-diyl)-co-(N,N′-diphenyl)-N,N′-di(p-butylphenyl)-1,4-diaminobenzene];blue emitter 4,4′-(Bis(9-ethyl-3-carbazovinylene)-1,1′-biphenyl; redOLED phosphorescent metal complex dyebis(dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline)(acetylacetonate) iridium(III) andtris(1-phenylisoquinoline) iridium (III).

Organic photoconductors including but not limited to: benzidines,fluorenes, hydrazones. triazoles, quinones and thiopyran dioxides,triphenylamines; P-Diethylaminobenzaldehyde-N,N-diphenyl-hydrazone and9-Dicanomethylene-2,4,7-trinitrofluorene can be incorporated into flashimaging substrates, coating compositions, and inks. Likewise,sensitizers and other optical pigments may find use including:croconines, perylenetetracarbonxylic acid amides, phthalocyanine,porphines, squarines.

Piezochromic dyes may find use in flash imaging circuits due theirunique physical characteristics. By way of example, piezochromicphotochromic dyes can include, but are not limited to:(E)-5-dicyanomethylene-3-[1-(2,5-dimethyl-3-furyl)ethylidene]-4-diphenylmethylene-tetrahydrofuran-2-oneand related photochromic compounds (Abdullah M. Asiri, Alison Cleevesand Harry G. Heller, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin I, 2000, 2741).

Piezoelectric materials can be used in combination with optical changeagents where the electrically induced structural disturbances causedduring a piezoelectric process can promote a color change inthermochromic or mechanochromic materials (U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,744).Piezoelectric circuits can be printed according to process described inthe examples below. Flash imaging can be accomplished by usingelectrically conducting piezoelectric materials printed in a flashimaging circuit. Piezochromic dyes can be used in combination with thepiezoelectric material or dyes can be coated over the piezoelectriccircuit. Piezoceramic materials, piezopolymeric materials, andpiezoelectric crystals may all find use.

Tribochromic dyes can also find use in flash imaging circuits. They maybe used alone or in combination with other optical change agents toproduce a representative optical change result. Tribochromic compounds,exemplified by3-dicyclopropylmethylene-5-dicyanomethylene-4-diphenylmethylenetetra-hydrofuran-2-one(Abdullah M. Asiri, Harry G. Heller, Micheael B. Hursthhouse andAlexander Karalulov, Chem. Comm, 2000, 799.) exhibit mechanical opticalchange effects that can find use alone or in combination with otherchromic change agents.

In certain embodiments, agents are chosen tha that provide formulti-optical flash imaging. Photochromic agents can find dual use asbeing both photochromically active and thermochromically active.Photochromic agents can exhibit an initial color change from a colorlessstate to a colored state. In the photo-activated colored state, thecolored state can be reversed to a colorless state by submitting thephoto-activated colored material to an elevated temperature (e.g. fromroom temperature to 150° F.). Certain dual photochromic andthermochromic agents can exhibit either reversible effects, irreversibleeffects or a combination of reversible and irreversible optical effects.By way of example, diacetylenic material can exhibit an initial ultraviolet light photochromic conversion from a colorless monomericcomposition to a colored polymeric composition. The photochromic effectis irreversible. The corresponding colored polydiactylenic compositioncan exhibit either a reversible thermochromic effect or an irreversiblethermochromic effect. Likewise, other traditional photochromic agentsmay exhibit both reversible photochromic and thermochromic effects.

Combinations of optical effects can also be achieved on flash imagingsurfaces whereby one or more optical effects can be achieved. By way ofexample, a surface can be printed with a thermochromic pigment thatchanges from a colored appearance to an uncolored appearance when aflash imaging circuit is charged and heated. The surface can alsocontain a photochromic pigment that can be illuminated with acorresponding wavelength to photo-chromically change color to theintended illuminated photochromic colorant. Likewise, thermo-luminescentglow-in-the-dark pigments can be added to thermochromic ink base suchthat a color can be both changed and light emitted at the point ofcharging and heating a contacting conducting flash imaging circuit.Iridescent pigments, florescent pigments and other pigments can also beadded along with those components that have a optical effect. Belowillustrates a matrix by way of example but not limitation as to howvarious permutations of flash imaging optical outputs can be utilizedalone or in combination with others:

Thermochromic Photochromic Photo-luminescent Iridescent X X X X X X X XX X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Thermo-luminescent, thermochromic flash printing and messaging find amultiplicity of uses in toys and games in general, commercial printingand advertising, consumer products, circuit testing, educational toysand mediums, flash cards, interactive learning tools, computer games,playing cards, business cards, greeting cards, books, magazines,activity toys, drawing toys, mailing and advertising, shipping andpostal labels, security materials security badges, theme park tickets,audience tickets, security passes and the like where messages can beconveniently revealed for the purpose of adding new information,security and play value to the user.

Thermo-luminescent and photo-luminescent imaging can be further embodiedwith an optical element that can serve to photo-quench or de-illuminatea photo-activated substrate. By way of example, glow-in-the-darkinorganic materials can exhibit phosphorescent illumination when exposedto a light including from short wave ultra-violet light (250 nanometers)to longer wave lengths up to and above orange light (550 nanometers).Inorganic phosphorescent materials can be stimulated with photo-flashbulbs, flash lights, UV and standard LED's, incandescent lighting,fluorescent lighting and the like. Patterns or illuminated regionsstimulated with the appropriate light can also be optically quenchedusing narrow band long wave light either from a monochromatic sourcesuch as a red solid state laser or red optically filtered light. Darkpatterns can be drawn, printed, photo-masked or generated inphoto-luminescent regions of a substrate containing an inorganicphosphorescent material by simply pulsing and/or focusing a red lightsource onto the luminescent area. The red light exposed area or designimmediately and visibly darkens relative to non-red light exposedregions.

Thermo-luminescent regions stimulated by a thermal pulse can likewise bephoto-stimulatively quenched using red light sources. Messages createdusing thermo-electric circuits imprinted on substrates comprising aphoto-luminescent material can also be modulated and quenched using redlight sources.

The thermal and optical properties of the embodiment can be combinedwith aromatic, pharmaceutical, or medicinal agents such that the heatingand color change processes can be used to release an agent of interestfrom the substrate that the embodiment is comprised of. For example, amedical bandage can be printed with a electrical heat conductive circuitand over printed with a thermochromic material for revealing the designof the electrically conductive circuit when a voltage is applied. Themedical grade adhesive can contain a pharmaceutical agent which isentrapped in the substrate. When electrically conductive heating occurs,the pharmaceutical agent can defuse from the substrate and permeate intothe wound that the wound dressing is applied to.

Printed medical grade wound dressings for temperature regulation,monitoring, adhesive release, programmed temperature dependent agentrelease, accelerated healing, selective temperature dependent therapy,contact temperature cycling, improved circulation, warning indications,feed-back systems for monitoring, and the like. For example, a medicalgrade adhesive tape can be printed with a conducting ink circuit on thenon-adhesive side or a flexible medical pressure sensitive adhesive. Thecircuit can be printed in a pattern representing a message such aReleasing Drug Now. A temperature activated therapeutic drug can becomprised in the adhesive layer such that thermal stimulation willrelease a part or all of the drug to tissue contacting the medicaladhesive. A thermochromic material can be over-printed onto theconducting circuit such that it obscures the circuit until a voltage isapplied to the circuit. Upon application of a voltage to the circuit,the circuit will resistively heat illuminating the embedded message aswell as thermally activating drug release from the adhesive layer to theepidural layer contacting the adhesive.

Other configurations can be used with the system to facilitate adhesiverelease from skin. In this case, a thermally active component in theadhesive layer can be stimulated by thermal elevation from the circuit.Likewise, both a message such as Safe To Remove can be made to appearindicating that the adhesive layer can be easily removed without skinirritation.

Flash messaging/image formation can be accomplished in using sequentialor overlapping frame formats. For example, a thermally conductingcircuit can be made such that the circuit contains advancing framesequences or tiles. The frame images can be of an spatially or timeresolved sequence such as a series of instructions, learninginformation, a cartoon, a series of clues for a game, or the like. Thecircuit can be designed such that each frame is connected and only onecontact point needs to be made with one polarity of the connecting powersource while the other polarity is permanently connected to each of theelectrically conducting heating elements within the circuit. Once athermochromic or thermoluminescent layer is placed over the circuit, thecircuit itself will be obscured. The embodiment should be constructedsuch that one polarity is easily connected to a power source andillumination of each sequential image is accomplished by contacting alead to an available bus-bar to close the circuit and induce heating fora particular frame.

Sequential flash imaging can be accomplished in card, sheet, page, note,business card or a variety of other sizes and shapes. Sequential frameof images can be designed to create the effect of motion or linearsequences of information materials such as written instructions. Thethermochromic or thermoluminescent material can be in a plain form orlikewise be printed with images or informational material. Anorchestrated visual effect can be accomplished by overlaying an imageprinted with a chromic change material onto a circuit designed toilluminate features within the overlaid image. Upon application of anappropriate voltage to the circuit, an image can be made to visuallychange from an initial output to a final output. The flash image ormessage change can be reversible or irreversible.

Since the embodied mediums can be used for generating a variety ofinformative and visual displays, thermo-luminescent and thermochromicflash printing and messaging can be used to create novel and creativeoutputs for batteries. Designer displays can be created which visuallycommunicate important exclusive information from the batterymanufacturer. For example, flash displays can be used for brandreinforcement or revealing sweepstakes information. Likewise, embeddedmessages can be used for entertainment value for the battery or toreveal different utilities for a battery. Designs can be embedded orcreated which add play-value to a conventional battery in ways which canbe used to create actual play toys out of the battery itself. Designscan be created or embedded within the battery periphery such that oncethe battery has outlived its initial intended use, it can be furtherused as a means to display embedded messages which can be visualisedeven with low remaining potential.

Interactive flash imaging display embodiments can be used to createattractive new designs which illustrate a combination of branding,co-branding, motion, sequential graphic states, various illuminationgeometries and the like. The battery tester becomes a branding andentertainment item as well as being an indicator. Its plurality ofstates and utility make it different from any existing product.Interactive color displays can be created, graphic frames can bechanged, and promotional messages can be revealed and/or manipulatedthorough one or more multiple states. The tester can become as much a“toy” or “delivery vehicle” for branding as well as a charge statusmeter.

A variety of temperature sensitive color-shift agents can be employed.The agents can be reversible or irreversible. The agents can be a partof the battery case or separate. The agents can come on game cards,attachment items, plug in pieces, or be printed on the battery graphic.The agents can be monochromatic or have different spectral hues forvarious coloring effects. The agents can have one or more temperaturesettings.

The entire side casing or periphery of a battery can be designed tocomprise a graphic or visual display rather than a limited test stripwhich only indicates remaining power. Display information can bedesigned such that other useful information can be communicated to theuser such as that the battery is placed incorrectly into a deviceintended for use. Information in a display casing on a battery can beused in conjunction with selected products which are intended to be usedwith only certain batteries manufactured. For example, a message on aproduct may be intentionally incomplete such that the remaining portionof the message is on the battery. Only by using a specified battery witha specified product, will the full message be revealed.

Toy makers can find use in visual display or designer batteries. Toyscan be designed to only adapt or display messages important to theutility of the toy. The messaging battery can be important to provideadditional visual function to the toy extending both the play value ofthe toy as well as the intended play value of the battery.

Transient flash imaging can be accomplished in viscous and non-viscousliquid mediums. Thin flexible sealed windows comprising a chromic changeagent can be placed over an thermo-electric heating element. Transientheat generated by the heating element can be directly transferred to thefluid medium in the pattern of the element. Regions heated result inimage formation in the fluid medium corresponding directly with theheating element geometry. The chromic change agent should be present ata concentration such that the heating element and supporting substrateare obscured. Visual resolution can be maintained by limiting thethickness of the fluid layer and thickness of the material comprisingthe sealed window containing the chromic change agent. The chromicchange agent can be present from 0.1% by weight of the fluid to 99%.More usually, the chromic change agent is present from 0.5% to 90%.Typically, the agent is present from 1% to 50% and most often from 5% to25%.

Liquids used to formulate the medium can be aqueous, oils, solvents,gums, waxes, polyethylene glycols, mineral oils, high temperatureboiling point solvents, natural liquid substances, liquid polymericfluids, vacuum pump oils, liquid detergents, cooking oils, naturalliquid extracts, silicon oils, and any suitably temperature stableviscous or non-viscous fluid which provides stability good dispersion ofthe chromic change agent.

Thermally induced flash imaging in liquid mediums can be accomplished bycontacting or integrating thermally conducting circuits with entrappedfluids comprising a thermochromic compound. Concentrations ofthermochromic pigments can range from 50% to 0.5%. More usuallyconcentrations will range from 25% to 1% by weight. Typically,concentrations will range from 10% to 1%. So long as the entrapped fluidlayer is relatively thin heat generated from the electricallyconducting—heat generating flash imaging circuit, the thin fluidthermochromic layer can be made to change color locally along a circuitline in response to a conductive heating event. Fluid layers forthermochromic flash imaging can range from 0.1 millimeter to 10millimeters in thickness. More often fluid layers will range from 0.5millimeters to 5 millimeters thick. Typically, fluid layers will rangefrom 1 millimeter to 3 millimeters in thickness. The layer thicknesswill be dictated by the specific design embodiments for a productapplication of interest.

Photo-induced flash imaging in liquid mediums can be accomplished byincorporating photochromic pigments, glow-in-the-dark pigments orcombinations there of into fluid layers. Concentrations of pigments canrange from 50% to 0.5%. More usually concentrations will range from 25%to 1% by weight. Typically, concentrations will range from 10% to 1%.Fluid layers for photo-induced flash imaging can range from 0.1millimeter to 10 millimeters in thickness. More often fluid layers willrange from 0.5 millimeters to 5 millimeters thick. Typically, fluidlayers will range from 1 millimeter to 3 millimeters in thickness. Thelayer thickness will be dictated by the specific design embodiments fora product application of interest. Optical polymer gels may be utilizedin flash imaging circuits involving transient fluid optical imaging:(Polymer gel light-modulation materials imitating pigment cells(Advanced Materials, 14, 1808-1811, (2002)).

Products and applications incorporating flash imaging can include butare not limited to micro-miniature flash imaging items (micro-sensors orchips) to large-scale flash imaging items (bill boards). Example sizesitem incorporating flash imaging can range in size from 1 micron to 10meters or more. More usually, items will range in size from 10 micronsto 1 meter in size. Typically, items will range from 1 centimeter to 100centimeters and most often from 5 centimeters to 50 centimeters.

Solid-liquid transformation flash images can be prepared using solidfilm layers comprised with a chromic change agent and a thermallysensitive medium which melts from a solid phase to a fluid phase whenheat is conducted from a contacting heating element. The configurationcan further provide an additional pluralistic effect since an image canboth be produced initially by the optical change effect and additionallyby a localized solid-liquid transition induced in the medium.

Flash imaging of the subject invention can also be used in sensing,warning and alert applications. Flash imaging substrates, devices, andoutputs can be used as reporting means for sensing, warning, and alertapplications. Flash imaging can be used passively where the outputmessage is simply sent signals from a remote sensing, warning, oralerting device or it can be active where the flash imaging device isintegral to the sensing, warning, or alerting mechanism. In either case,single or multiple flash imaging outputs including thermochromic,thermochromic/photochromic, and thermo-luminescent/photo-luminescentoutputs can be utilized depending on the application of interest.

In cases where the flash imaging output is passive, an independent orremote signal developed in response to a sensing, warning, or alertmechanism can be generated and sent to a responding electronic elementcoupled to a flash imaging circuit. The flash imaging circuit can beused as a display that indicates to an observer that a signal has beengenerated. A flash imaging circuit can find a variety of uses forsignaling and displaying information with an affordable means comparedto more costly liquid displays, panel displays, electro-luminescentdisplays or the like. Likewise, flash imaging can be used to displaysignificantly more information compared with simple light sources, colorchanges, or other analog outputs.

For example, a flash imaging circuit can be used to report a signaloutput from alarm processes such as those used for radio wave frequencyidentification tags (RFID). A signal output can be transmitted from theRFID tag to a flash imaging circuit to generate a visual output that anitem has breached a storefront inadvertently. A flash imaging device canbe used as an output means to report temperature recorded by a digitalthermometer. Flash imaging outputs for temperature monitoring can beused in a variety of ways including: automotive performance monitoring,outdoor temperature, indoor temperatures, oven temperatures, cookingtemperatures, temperature extremes that children may be inadvertently beexposed to such high temperature reached on parked cars during summermonths or the like.

Flash imaging can be used as a low cost and reliable readout means andan inexpensive alternative to computer displays, liquid crystaldisplays, light emitting displays and the like. Flash imaging can beused as a simple analog readout mechanism for instruments, equipment,machines, devices such as thermometers, warning signs, instrumentpanels, automotive dash boards and the like. By way of example, flashimaging can be used as means to display a temperature measurementderived from a related planar circuit such as the RFID or passive radiowave frequency tags (RF) described above. An RF tag can be used as atemperature-monitoring device in that its ability to act as a radio wavefrequency antenna is a function of its electrical conductivity andrelated characteristics. If the RF tag is subjected to increasedtemperatures, its conductivity will decrease rendering it unable tofunction the same as at lower temperatures. The differential responsecan be used as signaling means to an interpreting circuit that aspecific temperature has been achieve provided that the RF circuit wasdesigned for to give a differential signal at the anticipatedtemperature.

Flash imaging can be conveniently used as a compatible analog visualoutput for indicating that a desired temperature has been achieved. TheRF circuit can be miniaturized and utilized within a food type beingcooked. The cooking process can proceed with the RF tag internalized inthe food type. The RF tag will continue to respond during cooking untila specified internal cooking temperature has been achieved. At thatpoint, the RF tag will undergo a differential conductivity and changeits signal output. The signal output can be interpreted as that thedesired cooking temperature has been achieved. A flash imaging circuitexternal to the cooking process can be used as a visual readout means toreport that cooking has been completed.

In cases where the flash imaging out put is active, the flash imagingevent can be directly coupled or a part of the sensing, warning, oralerting mechanisms. By way of example, active flash imaging circuitscan be used as novel battery testers where the flash imaging circuit candirectly report the charge level of a battery. For battery testingapplications, producers would no longer be limited to a simple colorchange, but could instead generate light pulses through the use ofphoto-luminescent/thermo-luminescent coatings. Likewise, flash imagingcircuits can be used to generate comprehendible messages rather thansimple lines or marks.

Active flash imaging circuits can be comprised with chromic changeagents that are responsive to particular environmental conditions. Byway of example, photochromic/thermochromic active pigments can be usedin a flash imaging circuit such that the circuit exhibits no messagesuntil exposed to sunlight. Upon exposure to sunlight, the photochromicpigment becomes colored and the flash imaging circuit can be revealeddue to the now present photo-induced color formation. Alternatively,photo-conducting polymers can be integrated into a flash imaging circuitsuch that the circuit is complete upon exposure to light resulting inconductivity, heating and subsequently a flash imaging/messaging output.

The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by wayof limitation.

EXPERIMENTAL Part A Example 1

Electrically conductive circuits containing fine heating element lineswere printed on the reverse side of papers using a silk screen printingprocess. Papers used were plain and uncoated, ink jet photo qualitypapers, papers printed with thermo-luminescent materials(glow-in-the-dark), papers printed with reversible or irreversiblethermochromic materials and the like. An electrically conductive silverpaste ink (DuPont 5026) was used for printing. A standard mesh screenprinting frame and material was photo etched to create conductivecircuit designs (240 mesh). Wording, graphics or other visual outputswere first prepared in a positive format. Line meant to be used asheating elements were made thin (1 millimeter). Connecting elements notmeant to be seen were made broad (5-10 millimeters). The positive imagewas submitted to a silk screen manufacturer and images in the positiveform were etched as requested into a standard frame/screen. After screenprinting, the printed medium was dried in an oven for five minutes at200° F. or at room temperature over night.

Example 2

Thermo-luminescent flash image/word illumination on paper substrate: Aninexpensive thermo/photo-luminescent display was printed on a substrate,paper or any convenient printable substrate can be used. For the purposeof the current application, standard photocopy paper stock was coatedwith a photo-luminescent iron complex. The complex was in a fine meshpowder form and coated using a binder on the paper stock. Commerciallyavailable glow-in-the-dark papers could also be used (purchased atOffice Depot). The coating thickness and luminosity was adjusted suchthat the luminescent pigment was marginally visible (glow) afterexposure to ambient light.

The word “COOL” was etched into the silk screen assembly. The circuitwas printed as in Example 1 such that discrete letters could bevisualized without seeing the letters when illuminated yet stillmaintaining complete electrical connectivity along the printed messagefrom beginning to end. Wide-print lines (five times width) were printedbetween connecting letters such that primary heating would only occur onthe imaged letters.

The work “COOL” was illuminated by connecting the circuit at buss barsterminated at each end of the word. A battery was connected to the bussbars such that electrical conductivity was made. Instant thermal heatingalong the printed letters resulted in forming the image “COOL” on theluminescent side of the paper. The image was visible under normallighting conditions and was bright under reduced light conditions. Thethermo-luminescent image was pulsed to achieve maximum effect.

(0.5-5 seconds). Prolonged heating resulted in image fading. The effectwas highly reversible due to the thin insulating nature of the papersubstrate. The image could be flashed on and off by electrical pulsingsuch that the word “COOL” flashed on and off in a repeating manner.

Example 3

Thermochromic pigment for adding to ink bases or direct addition toshape/memory compositions: A thermochromic pigment composition wasprepared by adding a pre-polymerized polydiacetylenic dimeric amide. Thedimeric amide was made from dimerizing the diacetylenic acid5,7-dodecadiynoic acid with ethylene diamine such that two acid groupscoupled with a single ethylene diamine to make the diamined. The dimericamide was purified and polymerized to a stable pigment using ultravioletlight (254 nanometers). The material was readily powderized using astandard high-speed blade grinder. The powderized form could be readilyadded at various stages of processing of the shape/memory composite.

Example 4

Reversible thermochromic ink materials: A silk screen printing inkcomposition was prepared by adding a pre-polymerized polydiacetylenicdimeric amide. The dimeric amide was made from dimerizing thediacetylenic acid 5,7-dodecadiynoic acid with ethylene diamine such thattwo acid groups coupled with a single ethylene diamine to make thediamined. The dimeric amide was purified and polymerized to a stablepigment using ultraviolet light (254 nanometers). The pre-polymerizeddiamide was added at a 10% by weight to a general purpose silk screenink base (Nazdar Ink Corp.). The mixture was mixed to homogeneity andstored for use. At room temperature, the formulated ink appeared magentain color. Upon cooling, the ink shifted its optical characteristics to apurple/blue color. Upon heating, the ink transitioned to a red/orangecolor. The formulated wet solvent based ink remained stable andexhibited reversible thermochromic characteristics at room temperatureand only irreversibly turned color if heated above 150° F. The ink basewhen dried retained its reversible thermochromic color change ability upto 250° F.

Example 5

Flash thermochromic animated images on paper substrate laminates: Athermo-electric conducting circuit was prepared as in Example 1 wherethe desired element to be illuminated comprised 5 sequential images of afigure performing a cart wheel on the ground and an acrobatic move alonga hanging bar. The circuit was designed such that all of the images wereinterconnected and grounded and each element could be individuallyaddressed with a positive voltage connection adjacent to each sequentialframe. The sequential image frame measured 6 inches by 5 inches, aconvenient size for placement in a small book. The electricallyconductive circuit was printed on to a light gray 80 pound paper stock.Paper substrates were printed with the thermochromic screen printing inkdescribed in Example 4. Rectangular fill patterns were printed on tophoto quality ink jet printing paper (Epson Photo Quality Ink Jet Paper)in a 5.5 inch by 6.5 inch block size. The block size was made slightlylarger than the conductive ink image such that all of the elements ofthe conductive ink image could be obscured by the thermochromic overlay.

Once the thermochromic fill pattern was printed and dried, it was cut tooverlap the conducting ink image. Small 0.25 inch in diameter holes werepunched in positions precisely to match and expose the positive voltagebusses when overlayed on the conductive ink circuit. The printed andhole punched thermochromic sheet was spray coated on its back side witha permanent pressure sensitive spray adhesive (3M Corporation). Thethermochromic layer was carefully adhered over the conductive circuitand firmly positioned such that each animated element was obscured fromview and that each electrical terminal was exposed for electricalcontact with a power source.

Once the laminate was complete, the obscured sequential images could bethermochromically revealed by contacting the appropriate leads from a 9volt battery to the positive and negative bus bars on the laminate. Eachsequential frame could be exposed by quickly contacting each sequentialpositive connector one after another. The images generated appearedanimated moving across the page as each electrical contact element wasaddressed. The image would rapidly dissipate when the electrical contactwas broken.

Example 6

Reversible transient liquid crystal star-burst image: A thermoelectricconductive circuit was printed on 60 pound paper stock using the silkscreen printing process described in Example 1. A pattern of a starburst using 7 pointed star was prepared. The line width of the image was1 millimeter with 1 square centimeter bus bars for electrical contacts.

A pressure sensitive label with pressure sensitive material on one sideof the label and a liquid crystal layer on the other side of the labelwas applied directly over the star bust pattern on the conductive inkcircuit. Application of a 9 volt battery on the bus terminals of thecircuit cause the starburst image to appear immediately. The liquidcrystal material gave a spectral pattern paralleling the conductinglines immediately when the voltage was applied. The star burst patterndiffused back to a neutral background as the full element returned toambient temperatures.

Example 7

Irreversible self-printing/revealing cartoon figure: A thermoelectricconductive circuit was printed on 60 pound paper stock using the silkscreen printing process described in Example 1. A pattern of a cartoonimage figure was designed such that the positive and negative electricalcontacts were at the base of the figure. The image was comprised with 1millimeter line widths and the electrical contacts each 1 centimetersquare.

A pressure sensitive label printed with an irreversible thermochromicmaterial was laminated over the cartoon image area leaving the busterminals exposed for future contact. The pressure sensitive label wasprinted with a monomer composition ink containing 10% by weight 10,12-tricosadiynoic acid and 5% by weight 10, 12-pentacosadiynoicdissolved in a solvent based nitrocellulose flexographic ink base. Theprinted, dried pressure sensitive ink was polymerized with UV light (254nanometers) to a deep blue coloration. The printed polymerized label wasadhered directly over the cartoon image. Application of a 9 volt batteryon the bus terminals of the circuit caused the cartoon figure image toappear immediately. The heating process caused in irreversible colorchange from a blue color to a red/orange. The image remained welldefined and permanent even after the voltage was removed.

Example 8

Flash imaging conceal and reveal book: A flash imaging/messaging bookwas prepared with multiple pages using the processes described inExamples 2 and 5. Combinations of thermochromic and thermo-luminescentflash pages were included throughout the book. Each flashimaging/animated page was electrically interconnected such that a singlestylus pen can be placed in contact with discrete bus bars on each page.The circuit design provided for a negative ground electricalconnectivity throughout the book. The stylus pen was enabled with apositive voltage interconnection. Each page could be turned withoutrestriction and each bus bar on each page could be contacted with thestylus pen in any sequence. The pen had a loose 10-inch long cord forfacile use.

Each page in the book had flash image/messages corresponding to asequential story with both conceal and reveal pictures and wording. Thepages were printed with either thermochromic or thermo-luminescentcoating or both at specific locations on each page. Printing wasaccomplished such that each flash image or message was accompanied withnormal text and graphics. The combination of normal text and graphicsalong with flash imaging and messaging provide for a novel book formatwhich presented a combination of entertaining, interesting andchallenging reading characteristics.

Example 9

Trading/greeting cards with flash imaging and messaging: Thermochromicand thermo-luminescent trading cards were prepared using the processesdescribed in Examples 2 and 5. Cards were prepared in 2.5 inch by 3.5inch formats. The bus bars were placed at the base of each card suchthat the card could be inserted into a dock in a device containing thenecessary electrical circuits and power supplies to pulse the flashimages and messages embedded in the card.

The device for receiving and illuminating the cards was a small handheld plastic fixture containing a battery, electrical leads forcontacting the bus bars on the card, electrical circuits capable ofpulsing an image, and supporting elements for structure and operation.

For operation, a card could be placed in the device port such that thebus bars made contact with the connecting leads in the device. A switchwas turned on such that a battery was pulsed to supply the card heatingelements. Electrical pulses sent to the card circuit resulted insequential pulsed illumination of the embedded image. The circuit wassupplied sequential 0.5 second pulses with a duration of 10 secondsduration between each pulse. The momentary delay between each pulsepermitted time for the flash image to dissipate and the thermochromicimage to revert to a blank background starting color.

Example 10. Additional Embodiments

Additional embodiments in which the subject flash imaging finds useinclude, but are not limited to: 1) Retail display usingthermo-luminescent substrate; 2) Flash imaging on packaging; 3) Batterycase thermo-luminescent display image on 9 volt battery; 4) Reversibleflash features revealed on 3-dimensional toy surface; 5) Multiplereversible thermo-luminescent image sequential frames; 6) Reversiblesequential flash graphics/images on game board; 7) Touch contact flashimaging paper with opposing conducting contacts; 8) Flash imaging papercurrancy and security checks; 9) Enhanced photographs with intrinsicflash imaging characteristics to modify appearance of printed pictures;10) Plastic credit card with internalized flash imaging to signifyidenty and brands; 11) Magazine pages with embedded flash images whichcan be activated by a consumer; 12) Store front displays with postersized flash imaging out-puts; and 13) Flash imaging road side billboards for enhancing branding, marketing, and sales information.

Part B Example: 1. Preparation of Conductive Heating Element FlashImaging Substrates

A flash imaging circuit comprising an electrically conductive heatingcircuit, electrical busses for electrical contact and connection, and aresponding optical layer is prepared in a layered form. The first layeris an electrically insulating substrate for supporting and preparing theelectrically conductive heating element on. The second layer is theelectrically conductive heating element prepared on and adhered to thesubstrate. The third layer comprises an optical layer that is used forgenerating a visual output for the flash image intended to be projected.

For preparation, an electrically conductive heating circuit is eitherscreen printed using a conductive ink (silver based or carbon based),and subsequently dried. Alternatively, the circuit can be pad printed;stamped or embossed with an appropriately conductive heating element(silver, aluminum, nickel, nickel-cadmium, nickel-chromium or the like);embossed with films like those above; chemically etched; laser engraved;or prepared by another related convenient means.

Once an electrically conductive heating circuit has been prepared on aselected substrate, a representative optical output layer suitable forgenerating the visual image designed for outputting by the electricallyconductive heating circuit is coated over the circuit so as to obscurethe circuit and provide an acceptable optical effect. Optical mediumscomprising the optical layer can include but are not limited tothermochromic dyes and liquid crystals,thermo-luminescent/photo-luminescent agents, combinations includingrelated agents or other optical effect dyes and pigments that help tocreate a desired optical effect. The agents of interest will typicallybe added as pigments to an ink base such as an ultra violet curable inkor a solvent based ink.

For preparation, the optical output medium is typically printed byscreen printing, flood coating flexographic printing, laminated on,thermally transferred, painted, adhered on a pressure sensitive surfaceor the like. The optical output layer should be positioned to cover allof the desired electrically conducting heating circuit, but remain clearof any electrical bus contact regions. The completed flash imagingsubstrate or device can be trimmed accordingly or used directlydepending on the final design configuration intended for use.

For use, a completed flash imaging device is connected to a suitablepulsing power source that has been designed and adjusted to deliver anadequate alternating current or direct current necessary to create aheating pulse in the conducting/heating elements f the circuit. Careshould be taken to avoid delivery of too high of power surges such thatthe circuit could cause over heating and breakdown.

Example 2. Thermochromic and Liquid Crystal Flash Imaging Game Boards,Game Pieces, and Puzzles

Flash imaging circuits based on a thermochromic color change wereintegrated into a game board comprised with a thick 40 point chip boardplay board. Flash imaging designs were prepared using a silk screenprinted conducting silver ink (conductor paste 5025 and/or 7282 andthinner 8210 where necessary, Du Pont Corporation, DE), a 35° C.thermochromic ultra violet curing ink (Matsui Corporation, CA), and orthermochromic liquid crystal inks or printed substrates (LCR Hallcrest,IL) using sequences described in the above example “Preparation ofconductive heating element flash imaging substrates”.

Screen printed conducting/heating elements were accomplished using a 190mesh screen and dried at 170° F. for 10 minutes. Game board sizes wereprepared using sizes ranging from 6 inches by 6 inches to 18 inches by18 inches. Base chip board stock pieces were die cut according tomeasurements intended for a particular game being developed.

Game board, game piece, or puzzle graphics were printed on 80 poundcoated stock paper using standard 4 color off-set printing processes.Games were pre-designed to exhibit the desired game layout as well asproviding areas on the board that were intended to be in contact withthe electrically conductive flash imaging circuits. These areas wereleft blank in order to be printed with a thermochromic ink intended tobe utilized by the flash imaging component. Thermochromic overlays werescreen printed in designated areas on the 4 color process printedmaterial using a 190 mesh screen and semi-viscous ultra violet ink bases(dual pass). Printed thermochromic overlays were cured using a standard1200 watt/inch squared medium pressure mercury vapor arc lamp.

Graphic overlays comprising the 4 color printed areas and thermochromicprinted areas were laminated with a double sided laminating adhesive (3MCorporation). Overlay areas were trimmed and applied directly to theconductive ink printed game board stock. Care was taken to avoid airbubbles. Connecting electric bus bars were avoided such that the busbars remained exposed for contact to a power and controller source. Theflash imaging game board pieces were completed with necessary powersources and electronic control elements.

Example 3. Photo-Luminescent/Thermo-Luminescent Flash Imaging CardPieces

Flash imaging circuits based on a photo-luminescent/thermo-luminescentoptical change were integrated into playing cards comprised with a 15point double coated paper. Flash imaging designs were prepared using asilk screen printed conducting silver ink (conductor paste 5025 and/or7282 and thinner 8210 where necessary, Du Pont Corporation, DE) and aglow-in-the-dark ultra violet curing ink (Chromatic Technologies, Inc.,CO) using sequences described in the above example “Preparation ofconductive heating element flash imaging substrates”.

Screen printed conducting/heating elements were accomplished using a 190mesh screen and dried at 170° F. for 10 minutes. Card sizes wereprepared using sizes ranging from 2 inches by 4 inches to 8 inches by 10inches. 15 point paper stock pieces were die cut according tomeasurements intended for a particular game being developed:

Card game graphics were printed on 60 pound coated stock paper usingstandard 4 color off-set printing processes. Cards were pre-designed toexhibit the desired graphic layout as well as providing areas on thecard that were intended to be in contact with the electricallyconductive flash imaging circuits. These areas were left blank in orderto be printed with the photo-luminescent/thermo-luminescent ink intendedto be utilized by the flash imaging component. Thermochromic overlayswere screen printed in designated areas on the 4 color process printedmaterial using a 190 mesh screen and semi-viscous ultra violet ink bases(dual pass). Printed glow-in-the-darkphoto-luminescent/thermo-luminescent overlays were cured using astandard 1200 watt/inch squared medium pressure mercury vapor arc lamp.

Graphic overlays comprising the 4 color printed areas andphoto-luminescent/thermo-luminescent printed areas were laminated with adouble sided laminating adhesive (3M Corporation). Overlay areas weretrimmed and applied directly to the conductive ink printed card stock.Care was taken to avoid air bubbles. Connecting electric bus bars wereavoided such that the bus bars remained exposed for contact to a powerand controller source. The flash imaging game board pieces werecompleted with necessary power sources and electronic control elements.

Example 4. Flash Imaging on Wall Hangings, Signage, Posters, Menus, andDisplays

Flash imaging printed display pieces were prepared according to theabove examples “Preparation of conductive heating element flash imagingsubstrates”, “Thermochromic flash imaging game boards, game pieces, andpuzzles”, and “Photo-luminescent/thermo-luminescent flash imaging cardpieces”.

Representative flash imaging circuits could be screen printed, padprinted, embossed, or otherwise laminated or adhered on to paper sheetsor plastic films. Accordingly, electrical connections and bus bars forelectrical contact may be over-coated or protected so as to minimize anyexternal contact. Power sources and circuit designs must be developedaccording to the application of interest. Battery packs can be developedto comply with utility, power output, and connectivity. For on-goingusage, flash imaging items can be conveniently connected to electricaltracks similar to the connections used for track lighting. In thismanner, different pieces can be added or removed whereby the attachingelectrical fixtures remain semi-permanent or permanent.

Display pieces can be designed and prepared such that they could be usedfor hanging on walls, on bed head boards, form or on ceilings, as retaildisplay collateral, in offices, in homes, at airports, at stations, orany of a variety of locations where messages, graphics, or otherinformation is to intended to be communicated.Photo-luminescent/thermo-luminescent bedroom displays can be used asnight time entertainment and enjoyment for children. Sign displays canbe used as interactive impulse buying or otherwise promotional material.Flash imaging can be uses as entertaining and interactive menus atrestaurants or dining spots. Flash imaging posters can be used at movietheaters, airports, sporting arenas, conventions, convention show rooms,or other indoor or outdoor events where interactive messaging isimportant and adds value to a presentation.

Example 5. Plural Photochromic/Thermochromic Flash Imaging Substratesand Examples

Plural photochromic and thermochromic flash imaging substrates andembodiments were developed using compatible photochromic ultravioletlight curable ink bases. Photochromic ultraviolet light curable inkswere evaluated for their dual ability to exhibit photochromism andsubsequently, when photochromically colored, also possessed athermochromic effect from a photo-induced colored state to athermochromically induced colorless state. Commercial inks were screenedand selected for those, which exhibited a dual effect (ChromaticTechnologies, Inc, CO and Matsui Corp. CA).

Flash imaging circuits were prepared as described in the above examples:“Preparation of conductive heating element flash imaging substrates”,“Thermochromic flash imaging game boards” and“Photo-luminescent/thermo-luminescent flash imaging card pieces”. Byexample, available colors of photochromic ultraviolet light curable inks(Chromatic Technologies, Inc., CO) were printed on a heat stable plasticpressure sensitive label stock. The printed photochromic label materialswere cut and adhered to pre-made flash imaging conducting circuits.Conducting electrical bus bars were left bare for electrical contact.

For use, the finished layered flash imaging device/substrates wereinitially uncolored at room temperature. A 400 nanometer ultravioletlight emitting diode pen was used to illuminate the photochromic inksurface. Upon illumination, the ink surface turned color in response toillumination to a deep blue, purple, orange, green, or magenta huedepending on the ink base used. While in the photo-induced coloredstate, the visual surface appeared deeply colored for a period of 10 to30 seconds. The underlying flash imaging circuit was connected togenerate a heat pulse in the printed conducting/heating element message.The message appeared in contrast to the photo-induced coloredbackground. The photochromic effect was instantly turned to a colorlessstate directly along the flash imaging circuit and not on thesurrounding areas. The thermochromic effect in the photochromic mediumprovided a multiplicity of applications for flash imaging as amulti-optical/electric system.

Example 6. Flash Imaging Integrated as a Temperature Monitoring Devicefor Attached Surface

Printed line widths or thicknesses in flash imaging conducting/heatingelement circuits can be adjusted to provide set temperatures achievedduring activation of the flash imaging process. Provided that the flashimaging circuit is placed in thermal contact with an appropriate mass,and provided that the cross-sectional dimensions of theconducting/heating element of a flash imaging circuit has beenappropriately dimensioned, then the temperature/mass of the item thatthe flash imaging circuit is placed in contact with can be used toattenuate the resulting temperature achieve by the flash imaging circuitduring an activation pulse.

Provided that the temperature of the item is kept at a specified lowtemperature, the resulting temperature achieved by the circuit can bekept to a minimum threshold too low to trigger a thermochromic effect ina thermochromic layer over coating the flash imaging circuit. Providedthat the temperature of the item is kept just at or above the minimumthreshold temperature necessary to trigger the thermochromic material,the thermochromic layer can be caused to undergo a thermochromic changethereby indicating that the threshold temperature has been achieved.

The flash imaging circuit can be printed using a message that representsthe threshold temperature. By way of example, the message can indicatethe actual temperature achieved. In case that it is desired to indicatethat the threshold temperature in is in the range for keeping fresh foodat a safe storage temperature (e.g. 45° F.), the flash imaging circuitcould indicate “ABOVE 45° F.”. If the temperature is kept below 45° F.the circuit, when activated, would not be able to develop a high enoughtemperature to trigger the coating thermochromic agent and no messagewould appear. The circuit could be selectively designed to develop ahigh enough threshold temperature at 46° F. to trigger the necessarychange in the thermochromic coating such that the message “ABOVE 45° F.”to appear.

Alternative examples can be created to generate various warning,signaling, reference, informative, educational and the like messages.One or more sequential messages can be designed into the flash imagingembodiment to enable different messages to be apparent at differentpre-set temperature settings. Numerical, symbolic, graphic, written andassorted other message forms can be employed depending on the desiredmessage to be communicated. Different temperature transitioningthermochromic agents can be utilized to create the messaging effect overa large temperature range. Different circuit designs can be employed toincrease of decrease the circuit's sensitivity to the temperatureimpact.

Integrated flash imaging temperature monitoring devices can find use ina wide range of applications and industries including but not limitedto: food and food processing; industrial processing; institutional foodhandling; medical applications such as wound care, medicinal storageconditions, specimen storage, operation conditions, patient monitoring,and organ storage; outdoor conditions and activities including sports;automotive performance monitoring; roadway conditions such as dangerousnear freezing conditions; warning labels; health monitoring conditionssuch as hypothermia or excessive heat during aggressive play andactivities as well as a range of other industries and productapplications.

Example 7. Flash Imaging in Fluid Mediums with Reversible TransientThermochromic, Photochromic/Thermochromic, andThermo-Luminescent/Photo-Luminescent Printing in Flexible Encased Fluids

A clear vinyl encased fluids comprising a thermochromic orphoto-luminescent optical effect pigment and an aqueous solution wasprepared as a transient printing, messaging, and activity unit. 5% byweight powdered thermochromic pigment (Keystone Aniline Corporation,Chicago Ill.) was utilized for a thermochromic version. 5% by weightpowdered photochromic pigment (Color Change Corporation, StreamwoodIll.) was utilized for a photochromic/thermochromic version. 10% byweight powdered photo-luminescent pigment (Glow Incorporated, SevernMd.) was utilized for a glow-in-the-dark version.

The aqueous solutions were prepared by directly admixing the chromicchange agents with water. Vigorous mixing was utilized when necessary toensure complete suspension and uniformity. Mixtures were added to clearflexible vinyl pouches sealed on 3 sides (approximately 10 ml fluid,5/1000 inch thick clear flexible vinyl). The pouches were purged of airand completely sealed using a standard packaging heat sealer.

Pouches containing chromic change agents were adhered to flash imagingcircuits prepared according to the above examples “Preparation ofconductive heating element flash imaging substrates”,“Photo-luminescent/thermo-luminescent flash imaging card pieces”, and“Plural photochromic/thermochromic flash imaging substrates andexamples”. Tight direct contact was made between the thin fluidcontaining pouch and the flash imaging circuit. Concentrations of thechromic change agents were adjusted as necessary so as to ensurecomplete obscurity of the underlying flash imaging circuits.Alternatively, opaque colored vinyl could be used on the side of thepouch in contact with the chromic change circuit such that the chromicchange agent concentrations could be effectively reduced.

Final encased thermochromic, photochromic, and photo-luminescent viscoussolutions retained all of their optical properties respectively. Whenconnected to an appropriate electrical power source, the underlyingflash imaging circuit could be used to create transient images in therespective fluid mediums. The optical change versions provided aconvenient surface for creating and writing messages, codes, symbols andthe like that could be made to appear and then dissipate over severalminutes. By way of example, the photochromic-encased version could beconveniently written on using a 400 nanometer light emitting diode penlight. Written matter immediately appears as the pen light passes overthe encased surface. When the flash imaging circuit is connected thephotochromic medium can exhibit a thermochromic image representing theprinted flash imaging circuit. The written matter dissipates within 1-2minutes or immediately by changing the shape or distorting the pouchsurface. In all cases, the imaging method was completely reversible andcould be re-used systematically.

Example 8. Reversible Transient Flash Imaging in Encased Fluid Mediumson Rigid Consumer Products

A clear plastic encased fluid comprising a thermochromic orphoto-luminescent optical effect pigment and an aqueous solution wasprepared as a transient printing, messaging, and activity unit. 5% byweight powdered thermochromic pigment (Keystone Aniline Corporation,Chicago Ill.) was utilized for a thermochromic version. 5% by weightpowdered photochromic pigment (Color Change Corporation, StreamwoodIll.) was utilized for a photochromic/thermochromic version. 10% byweight powdered photo-luminescent pigment (Glow Incorporated, SevernMd.) was utilized for a glow-in-the-dark version.

The aqueous solutions were prepared by directly admixing the chromicchange agents with water. Vigorous mixing was utilized when necessary toensure complete suspension and uniformity. Mixtures were added to clearrigid sealed compartments in direct thermal contact with flash imagingcircuits. Plastic compartments were typically made with transparentplastic on the outer layer and opaque plastic on the inner layer.Compartments were typically sealed with sealing adhesive, sonic weldingor the like.

Sealed fluid flash imaging circuits were produced for variousapplications such as drinking mugs, cups, packaging, displays, fishtanks, interactive play toys and the like. Final encased thermochromic,photochromic, and photo-luminescent viscous solutions retained all oftheir optical properties respectively. When connected to an appropriateelectrical power source, the underlying flash imaging circuit could beused to create transient images in the respective fluid mediums. Theoptical change versions provided a convenient surface for creating andwriting messages, codes, symbols and the like that could be made toappear and then dissipate over several minutes.

Example 9. Optical Flash Imaging on Toys, Cups, Plates, UtensilsAppliances, House-Hold, Toiletry and Other Consumer Products

Various appliance, utensil, and other house-hold and consumer productsfind new use, utility, functionality, and value when incorporating aflash imaging substrate/output. Non-planar surfaces can be prepared andmodified to contain a flash imaging element using methods described inthe above examples “Preparation of conductive heating element flashimaging substrates” and “Thermochromic flash imaging game boards”.

Representative flash imaging circuits could be screen printed, padprinted, embossed, or otherwise precision painted on tothree-dimensional contoured surfaces. Accordingly, electricalconnections and bus bars for electrical contact may be over-coated orprotected so as to minimize any external contact. Power sources andcircuit designs must be developed according to the application ofinterest. Battery packs can be developed to comply with utility, poweroutput, and connectivity. Hand-held items with flash imaging circuitsmay have rechargeable battery pack for added convenience.

Flash imaging circuits printed on three-dimensional contoured surfacescan be used to create a variety of visual effects. On toys, the circuitcan be used to change a visual feature of the toy. On cups, plates, andutensils, flash imaging circuits can be used for branding, monitoring,entertaining or otherwise informing a user of a desired message. Onappliances, flash imaging circuits can be utilized to warn ofoverheating hazards, of timing (e.g. toasting bread), or otherwisecreating an of a number of visual effects. On food storage containers,flash imaging can be used to indicate the type of included food or theduration of storage. On toothbrushes, flash imaging circuits can be usedas a timing means to alert children of grownups of brushing durationtimes. On other consumer products, flash imaging can be used for any ofnumber of visual outputs to create communication message to users.

Example 10. Flash Imaging Wires and Shapeable Rods

Flash imaging can be accomplished on linear and non-linear rods, wires,fabrics, nets, interstitial substrates, webs, implanted fibers, strands,filaments, cables, optical fibers, and various other elongated wire-likestructures. The flash imaging conducting/heating circuit can be anextended filament, wire, or other electrical conducing strand-likeelement. The conducting strand-like element can be directly coated witha composition that possesses the desired optical change propertiesdescribed in the above examples “Preparation of conductive heatingelement flash imaging substrates”, “Thermochromic flash imaging gameboards, game pieces, and puzzles”, “Photo-luminescent/thermo-luminescentflash imaging card pieces”, and “Plural photochromic/thermochromic flashimaging substrates and examples”.

An electrically conducting strand-like element can be first coated witha suitable electrically insulating coating (e.g. a nickel-chromium wirecoated with a thin vinyl insulation). The insulating coating can besubsequently coated with an optical change agent comprising a bindingagent and the optical change agent. The optical agent coated wire can beutilized directly as a flash imaging element by placing an appropriatevoltage between conducting ends to complete the circuit. Alternatively,the conducting wire can be coated with an insulating coating usingstandard wire coating technologies where the insulating coating containsthe optical change agent as a part of the resin.

Flash imaging in wire-like formats can find a variety of applicationsfor use in toys as a wrap-around piece, as jewelry pieces, as elementsof toys or the like. Wire-like flash imaging elements can be used inelectronic devices, appliances, in electrical wiring, along withelectrical wire, in fuse boxes or the like to provide a signaling meansthat a wire is “live” and is or is not conducting electricity. Wire-likeor strand-like flash imaging elements can be woven into fabrics, knittedmaterials, carpets, floor mats, screens, clothing, uniforms or the likeand used to create an unexpected or desired optical effect in thematerial. Wire-like flash imaging elements can be used in conjunctionwith other materials, wires, rods, features, screens, or the like. Byway of example, flash imaging wires can be use in house-hold screens fortesting home security systems. A flash imaging strand can be used as acolor change means to establish if an electrical circuit is connected orhas failed.

Example 11. Flash Thermo-Luminescent/Photo-Luminescent Battery Testers

Active flash imaging circuits can be used as novel battery testers wherethe flash imaging circuit can directly report the charge level of abattery. For battery testing applications, producers would no longer belimited to a simple color change, but could instead have the advantageof a product that would generate light pulses through the use ofphoto-luminescent/thermo-luminescent coatings. Batteries could besuccessfully tested in the dark or under low light conditions.

Thermo-luminescent/photo-luminescent flash imaging circuits can bedesigned for and imprinted on substrates used applications to batteries.Flash imaging circuits can be prepared as described above in examples“Preparation of conductive heating element flash imaging substrates”,“Thermochromic flash imaging game boards, game pieces, and puzzles”,“Photo-luminescent/thermo-luminescent flash imaging card pieces”, and“Plural photochromic/thermochrornic flash imaging substrates andexamples”.

The flash imaging circuit can be conveniently contacted with the batterybusses to utilize a battery to be tested as the power source. The flashimaging circuit must be designed and produced such that convenientcontact points are utilized for user testing. Push contacts can beintegrated such that the user simply needs to press a designatedlocation on the battery to create a closed circuit necessary forinducing the flash imaging circuit.

Example 12: Additional Examples

Additional examples and applications include, but are not limited to:personalized business cards, sweepstakes tickets, alarm systems,interactive bar codes, child warning labels, child security devices,retail sales signs and pricing tags, automotive bumper stickers, babyhigh chairs for eating and activity, toy activity boards, credit cards,business cards, greeting cards, flash imaging on shrink plastic,bracelets used for reminding a person to perform a task (e.g. take aprescribed drug or follow a direction), interactive packaging forinforming potential consumers of a product benefit, embedded securitymessages in currency, and the like. Since irreversible images orreversible multiple images can be generated using flash imaging devicesand substrates, various format applications for disposable or reusableflash imaging circuits can be utilized. Since flash imaging can functionas a simple visual imaging output or can comprise a sensing andreporting elements passively or actively, flash imaging can be use for arange of applications that involve simple message readouts or can beused actively as a part of a method for detection, measurement, ormonitoring.

The subject invention provides for a number of advantages, including thefollowing. Single and multi-optical out-put images can be generated byflash electrical heating pulses and optical pulses. Flash imagingpresents a novel means of generating permanent or transient images onsolid and fluid substrates. Flash imaging out-puts can include but arenot limited to reversible and irreversible thermochromic changes;reversible and irreversible photochromic changes; photo-luminescent andthermo-luminescent changes; and related optical dye out-puts that createa permanent or transient optical effect in a substrate. Single imageirreversible images or reversible multiple images can be generated usingflash imaging devices and substrates. Flash imaging can function as asimple visual imaging output or can comprise sensing and reportingelements passively or actively. As such, the invention represents asignificant contribution to the art.

While the present invention has been described with reference to thespecific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilledin the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may besubstituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of theinvention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt aparticular situation, material, composition of matter, process, processstep or steps, to the objective, spirit and scope of the presentinvention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope ofthe claims appended hereto.

1-19. (canceled)
 20. A composition comprising: an optical changecomponent that changes an optical property in response to an appliedstimulus; a substrate; and a stimulus component that is configured toapply a stimulus in a controlled manner to said optical component ofsaid device.
 21. The composition according to claim 20, wherein theoptical change component is integrated into the substrate.
 22. Thecomposition according to claim 20, wherein the substrate is planar. 23.The composition according to claim 21, wherein the substrate comprises ashape change component.
 24. The composition according to claim 23,wherein the shape change component changes shape in response to anapplied stimulus.
 25. The composition according to claim 23, wherein theoptical change component changes an optical property in response to afirst applied stimulus and the substrate changes shape in response to asecond applied stimulus.
 26. The composition according to claim 25,wherein the first applied stimulus is the same as the second appliedstimulus.
 27. The composition according to claim 25, wherein the firstapplied stimulus is different from the second applied stimulus.
 28. Thecomposition according to claim 20, wherein the optical change is chromicor luminescent.
 29. The composition according to claim 28, wherein theoptical change component comprises a thermochromic compound.
 30. Thecomposition according to claim 28, wherein the optical change componentcomprises a thermoluminescent compound.
 31. The composition according toclaim 28, wherein the optical change component comprises a luminescentcompound.
 32. The composition according to claim 20, wherein the opticalchange component comprises a polydiacetylene.
 33. The compositionaccording to claim 20, wherein the stimulus element comprises anelectric circuit.
 34. The composition according to claim 33, wherein thestimulus element comprises a thermoelectric circuit.